A TWAIL Perspective on Loss and Damage from Climate Change: Reflections from Indira Gandhi's Speech at Stockholm

Abstract There seem to be no answers resolve the deadlock between Global North and South on liability compensation for loss damage from climate change. Revisiting original story of international environmental law Stockholm Conference 1972 may help us address these historical tensions. In doing so, this article unveils genesis Third World Approaches International Law (TWAIL) as an alternative consciousness centred around aspirations South. Indira Gandhi's plenary at outlined South's position issues, which greatly influenced early TWAIL scholarship in 1980s. Locating TWAIL's origins allows to: (1) chart concerns till date; (2) infer its evolved view “development versus environment” debate; (3) understand role future challenging enduring structural limitations law, especially deliberations damage.